Cardiovascular disease, or cardiology, is the subspecialty of internal medicine that focuses on finding, treating, and preventing diseases of the heart and blood vessels—also known as the cardiovascular system. Cardiologists manage complex cardiac conditions such as heart attacks and abnormal...
Cardiovascular surgery, also known as cardiac surgery, is often considered a subspecialty of thoracic surgery. It involves surgical interventions to treat and repair defects and diseases of the heart and its associated blood vessels. The ability to establish an exact diagnosis must be based on a...
Pediatric ophthalmologists care for infants, children, and young adults with ocular and visual disorders, including those of the eye and its component structures, the eyelids, the orbit, and the visual pathways. They may order diagnostic studies and procedures, perform surgical and nonsurgical...
Physicians in pediatric neurosurgery provide nonoperative, and pre-, intra-, and postoperative care to pediatric patients up to the age of 12 with injuries or disorders of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system, including their supporting structures and...
Pediatric nephrologists specialize in the care of children with a number of health conditions associated with the kidneys, particularly those that require acute dialysis in an intensive care setting. Pediatric nephrologists are trained to care for patients with chronic conditions such as...
Pediatric infectious disease physicians care for children and adolescents, including newborns and infants, with acute and chronic infectious or suspected infectious or immunologic diseases, underlying diseases that predispose to unusual or severe infections, unclear...
The subspecialty of adolescent medicine focuses on the unique physical, psychological, and social characteristics of adolescents (patients age 10 to 25) and their healthcare needs and problems. Adolescent medicine physicians can provide either primary or specialty care for patients. When they...
Physicians practicing pediatric hematology/oncology provide treatment to children and adolescents presenting with diseases and disorders of the blood and immune system and provide treatment or consultative services to children and adolescents with cancerous diseases...
Pediatric gastroenterology is a subspecialty in which physicians diagnose and manage young patients with acute and chronic diseases involving organs of the digestive system (i.e., esophagus, stomach, intestines, hepatobiliary system, and pancreas) and with nutritional disorders. Pediatric...
Pediatric endocrinology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that manages diseases related to hormonal regulation during infancy, childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Pediatric endocrinologists diagnose, treat, and manage endocrine disorders including: growth...
