The term intravenous (IV) sedation is used to describe the type of anesthesia resulting in the loss of protective reflexes of the patient, but not in unconsciousness, as with general anesthesia. There are different levels of sedation: minimal, moderate, and deep. An anesthesiologist chooses the...

Cardiac pacing and arrhythmia management involves the use of an implantable device to regulate a patient’s abnormal or irregular heartbeat. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), a heartbeat of less than 60 beats per minute is called bradycardia; a heartbeat of more than 100 beats...

Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) angiography is a diagnostic exam that uses an advanced X-ray device along with IV contrast dye to allow the physician to see a 3D image of the heart and vessels. This noninvasive exam is often used to identify narrowed or blocked arteries, which can create...

Balloon kyphoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure performed to treat painful spinal compression fractures, also known as vertebral compression fractures. It is performed on patients who have compression fractures of a vertebra that has significant osteoporosis. Compression fractures can be...

Pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC), also known as Swan-Ganz or right heart catheterization, is a procedure commonly used to measure pressures in the heart and large blood vessels, according to the American Thoracic Society. During the procedure, a balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheter is...

A central venous catheter, also known as a CVC or central line, is a long, flexible tube similar to an intravenous (IV) line, but stays in place longer. It provides access to a person’s blood supply, allowing the patient to receive medications, fluids, or additional blood, and allowing...

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