Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a treatment for epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder that stems from disturbance of the brain’s nerve and that causes recurrent, unprovoked, and unpredictable seizures. The treatment involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical pulses to...

Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a minimally invasive approach to the traditional open radical nephrectomy. Both procedures are done to remove an entire kidney or, sometimes, a cancerous portion of a kidney. However, in a laparoscopic nephrectomy, rather than making one large incision, surgeons make...

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is performed to surgically remove plaque deposits (e.g., cholesterol, calcium, and fat) from the carotid arteries, which are located on each side of the neck and supply blood to the brain. Over time, plaque buildup can cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries...

Breast ultrasound, also called breast sonography, is a noninvasive procedure that uses reflected sound waves to view and produce a picture of the breast’s internal structures. A handheld device called a transducer is passed over the breast, converting sound waves into electrical impulses....

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